neuroscience perspective strengths and weaknesses

Trusting Your Gut. Poverty and Brain Development during Childhood: An Approach from Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience. 84, 5875. In the case of the neural circuits involved in complex behaviors, the closure of sensitive periods seems to depend on whether they are associated with circuits performing computations at either basic or complex levels, such as feature representation, categorization function, top-down interactions, and cross-modal reorganization (Kral, 2013). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Science does not speak for itself: translating child development research for the public and its policymakers. Proc. Dev. Critical period: a history of the transition from questions of when, to what, to how. Biological Approach in Psychology Psychol. Considering the opportunities and setbacks mentioned in the previous two sections, we propose a set of main points that require reconsideration and optimized approaches. Such determinations are essentially moral judgments that require understanding behaviors and mental states against the backdrop of cultural norms. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2102-13.2013, Smith, L. B., and Thelen, E. (2003). When positive psychologists advocate a strengths-based approach, I hear it as an important . Neuroevidence exploits the overwhelmingly positive associations we have with neuroscience, all things smart, high-tech, and beautiful, and thus can be highly persuasive beyond what the facts support.4 This persuasive aspect is the so-called seductive allure of neuroscience (Ref. In the basic sciences, optogenetics,53 a technology invented by psychiatrist Karl Deisseroth in 2005,54 continues to reap rich rewards. Psychoanalysis refers to both a theory and a type of therapy based on the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. Environmental enrichment and the brain. Hum. Bull. (2012). 75, 610615. (2011). We do not capture any email address. Natl. Trust your gut is a piece of advice often thrown . For instance, in experiments with infants, different tools are usually introduced to facilitate the acquisition of motor skills before the age at which these behaviors are typically observed (Smith and Thelen, 2003). Nat. For example, I have found that neuroimaging findings can be useful in directing relevant follow-up neuropsychological testing and bringing attention to important behavioral details that might otherwise have been missed. The consensus view of modern neuroscience is that the brain accomplishes its tasks by dynamically recruiting networks of interconnected brain modules that combine to process and compute the required solution, a model called distributed processing.19 This model is analogous to the design of computer circuit boards, which contain interconnected specialized chips that combine dynamically in different configurations, depending on the task at hand. Over time, the unifying theory that has emerged is that the amygdala is a salience detector, activating to alert the person to a large variety of stimuli (see Figure 1 in Ref. Neurosci. A dominant cognitive approach evolved, advocating that sensory information is manipulated internally prior to responses made - influenced by, for . 72, 450461. Further, even if abnormality could be established, the field currently lacks (with rare exceptions9) adequate studies that correlate qEEG signals with legally relevant functional impairments. The study of how adverse environmental conditions (e.g., socioeconomic status (SES) or poverty) influence brain organization and reorganization during development includes different approaches. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144327, Hirase, H., and Shinohara, Y. Proc. Careful review of Mr. Weinstein's thoughts and behaviors before and during the homicide by the prosecution's expert did not seem to support the presence of rational or volitional impairment suggested by his frontal lobe cyst. Evidence of the modulation of epigenetic mechanisms during early development in individuals growing under different rearing conditions (e.g., deprived SES, stress exposure) has recently been incorporated into this line of research. Dev. The other broad class of error that I frequently encounter involves faulty claims that ascribe functional impairments to localized brain defects in an individual. Neuroevidence may effectively generate hypotheses, but generally cannot answer them. Psychol. Psychol. The much that is known about human ways of thinking and behaviors can be attributed to psychological theories. Chapter 10.4: Research on Humanistic Theory - AllPsych Consider a clinical example: a patient walks into your office complaining of back pain and asks for opiates. Front. Neuroscience and Psychology offer a powerful insight as to what is happening in our brains and those of others. For example, Ganzel et al. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01641.x, Evans, G. W., Li, D., and Whipple, S. S. (2013). Psychosom. 46, 287292. I remain hopeful, as does Bruer, that the indirect evidence from neuroimaging and other neuroscience research has the potential to suggest teaching strategies and environmental stimuli that are valuable for learning. Cogn. doi: 10.1111/desc.12080, Lipina, S. J., Simonds, J., and Segretin, M. S. (2011). As discussed, small studies in individual laboratories can be useful for demonstrating proof of principle (brain defects in area X appear to cause impairment Y), but such studies cannot assess the strength of the causal relationship (akin to the genetic concept of penetrance). Neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent stress reactivity. The human element is embedded in the law with words like appreciation, sufficiency, and reasonableness, all of which require human interpretation. Youth Stud. In other words, although we may be guided by science in making moral decisions, ultimately they remain ours to make. Psychopathol. TMS has strengths and weaknesses behaviour. Annu. Acad. It is generally accepted now that brain functions are indeed localized (functional specialization18), but only to a certain extent. Strengths and weakness of neuroscientific investigations of childhood poverty: Future directions Authors: Sebastin Javier Lipina Centro de Educacion Medica e Investigaciones Clinicas "Norberto. The scientific nature of the approach is one worthy of discussing as it can be both a strength and weakness, as is its reductionist nature. Dr. Choi is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, Chair of the AAPL Forensic Psychiatry Committee, and Director, Forensic Evaluation Service, Oregon State Hospital, Salem, OR. In concert with these issues, research programs have addressed the influence of malnutrition (Georgieff, 2007) and exposure to different types of pollutants and drugs (Hubbs-Tait et al., 2005) during pre- and post-natal brain development, with significant implications for the neuroscientific study of childhood poverty. (2013b). 6, 817. Ct. 1992), Medical-legal inferences from functional neuroimaging evidence, Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. Third, we also propose to expand the theoretical integration across all developmental and cognitive psychology, and to plan experiments applying neuroimaging techniques to promote and generate innovative hypotheses and research programs (Crone and Ridderinkhof, 2011; Gianaros and Hackman, 2013). Because all known brain areas are involved in multiple processes, knowledge of activity of a single area cannot by itself establish what that brain area was doing at the time. Contribution of neuroscience to the study of socioeconomic health disparities. Each technique has its strengths and weaknesses, and knowing them allows researchers to decide what each offers for . Overview of Neuroscience Perspective Modern science is highly based on the structural and functional study of the brain. In closing, I emphasize that although neuroscience can inform, it will never be able to answer ultimate legal questions of culpability and desert. Cognitive perspective Theorist Ulric Neisser Lev Vygotsky Jean Piaget Main Idea The cognitive perspective is based on the assumption that the brain is the most essential factor in how an individual behaves or thinks. Georgieff, M. K. (2007). Copyright 2015 Lipina and Segretin. Another technique invented in his laboratory, CLARITY,55 renders the brain transparent and, coupled with fluorescent molecular dyes, has allowed us to see for the first time intact brain circuits that traverse the whole brain. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.003, Rueda, M. R., Checa, P., and Cmbita, L. M. (2012). 48, 932938. Sci. In addition, recent cumulative evidence suggests that differential susceptibility to the rearing environment may depend on variations in dopamine-related genes. As clinicians, we all know that pain is a complex phenomenon and that frequently an organic cause is not found. 5, p 470). Med. Strengths and Weaknesses of Humanistic Theory. Phineas Gage: His Accident and Impact on Psychology Of course, analysis of thoughts and behaviors is the cornerstone of good forensic psychiatric work, and for this reason we do not have to fear that neuroscience is going to put us out of a job anytime soon.52, I have spent much of this editorial sketching out neuroscience's evidentiary limitations, but the envelope is pushed with each advance. Natl. Neurosci. Studies of arachnoid cysts in medical populations indicate that arachnoid cysts in adults are a frequent finding, and although some are associated with functional impairment, in fact most cases are asymptomatic,34 obviously limiting the predictions one can make about the functional impact of such cysts in individual cases. In addition, there is the problem of time: because people do not walk around wearing scanners, neuroimaging evidence presents information regarding brain structure or function after the fact. Commentary: neurocognitive consequences of socioeconomic disparities. Sci. In addition, a recent topic of interest in neuroscience addresses mechanisms of mediation of childhood poverty on cognitive development (Hackman et al., 2010; Noble et al., 2012; Lipina et al., 2013; Neville et al., 2013a), which allows the identification of potential targets for the design of interventions. Sci. Auditory critical periods: a review from systems perspective. 15, 516527. Trends Cogn. Specifically, exposure of different species to enriched conditions, in comparison with either standard or deprived environments, has been associated with several structural changes in neurons and synapses, glial components, brain vasculature, brain cortex weight and thickness, rate of hippocampal cell neurogenesis, availability and metabolism of both neurotrophi factors and neurotransmitters in different brain areas, and neurotrophic and neurotransmitter gene expression (Hirase and Shinohara, 2014). It is of increasing interest in the courtroom as well, and each year the number of cases using neuroscience-based evidence rises.2 The reasons for this are clear enough. In terms of impacts, mediating mechanisms, hypotheses and the interpretation of data obtained by applying molecular, behavioral, and neuroimaging techniques seems to focus mainly on the comparison of performance and degree of activation rather than the identification of mediating mechanisms (Hackman and Farah, 2009; Lipina and Colombo, 2009; Hackman et al., 2010; Raizada and Kishiyama, 2010; Lipina and Posner, 2012). Brain activity is presumably the source of all these things, but how, exactly? Things such as emotions, social pressures, environmental factors, childhood experiences, and cultural variables can also play a role in the formation of psychological problems. Sci. As a generally noninvasive subset of neuroscience methods, psychophysiological methods are used across a variety of disciplines in order to answer diverse questions about psychology, both mental events and behavior. Linking childhood poverty and cognition: environmental mediators of non-verbal executive control in an Argentine sample. Beyond the amygdala, functional imaging studies have demonstrated that generally, brain areas are activated across a very large set of conditions.17 Phrenology, a pseudoscience invented and developed by its founder Joseph Gall in the 18th century, is rightly ridiculed today because of its simplistic one-to-one model that mapped mental functions (secretiveness, mirthfulness) to single points on the brain.

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