lithium niobate modulator tutorial

Here, we make an important step towards miniaturizing functional components on this platform, reporting high-speed LN electro-optic modulators, based upon photonic crystal nanobeam resonators. Liang, H., Luo, R., He, Y., Jiang, H. & Lin, Q. This work is supported in part by National Science Foundation (NSF) (EFMA-1641099, ECCS-1810169, and ECCS-1842691); the Defense Threat Reduction Agency-Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (grant No. By combining thin-film lithium niobate devices with high-power lasers using an industry-friendly process, this research represents a key step towards large-scale, low-cost, and high-performance transmitter arrays and optical networks. DOI: 10.1364/OL.426083 Abstract L V cm, and the 3 dB electro-optical bandwidth is about 55 GHz. Science 347, 14231424 (2015). Article Rev. 42.70.a. Optica 1, 112118 (2014). 24, 3400114 (2018). Opt. 1e) is still able to produce a well-confined point-defect cavity, with a simulated optical Q of ~105 for the fundamental transverse-electric-like (TE-like) cavity mode, \({\mathrm{{TE}}}_{01}^{0}\), shown in Fig. Opt. Photon. 34, 29412951 (2016). The modulators have an SMA RF input, which is directly compatible with . Light Sci. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Xinlun Cai, of Sun Yat -sen University, led a team that designed and fabricated a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) dual polarization in-phase and quadrature (DP-IQ) modulator, which sets new world . e, Group refractive indices for both optical and microwave signals as a function of the buried oxide thickness. supervised the project. Consequently, the transmission spectrum transforms into a multi-resonance spectrum (Fig. Over 67GHz bandwidth and 1.5V InP-based optical IQ modulator with nipn heterostructure. Extended Data Fig. The extinction ratio can be significantly improved by further optimization of the photonic-crystal mirrors (Fig. Single-chip microprocessor that communicates directly using light. Figure7a shows the electro-optic modulation response of the device (blue curve), which exhibits a 3-dB modulation bandwidth up to around 17.5GHz. Thin-lm lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform. 25, 458460 (1974). J. Lightwave Technol. For microwave simulations, the electric-field values are obtained when a voltage of 1V is applied across the two electrodes. 1f), so as to take the advantage of the largest electro-optic component r33 of LN. Loncar is a cofounder of HyperLight Corporation, a startup which was launched to commercialize integrated photonic chips based on certain innovations developed in his lab. Wlbern, J. H. et al. The modulator utilizes spiral-shaped optical waveguides on Z-cut lithium niobate and the preeminent electro-optic effect which is applied using top and bottom electrodes. Our EO modulators use MgO-doped lithium niobate for high power operation. 41, 57005703 (2016). Express 26, 1481014816 (2018). BER versus OSNR for the three modulation schemes at 70Gbaud. Li, M., Liang, H., Luo, R., He, Y. The electrodes are designed to have a length of 30m to ensure a full coverage of the applied electric field over the entire photonic-crystal structure. Wafer-scale heterogeneous integration of thin film lithium niobate on Appl. To support on-chip integration, light is coupled to the EOM cavity via an on-chip waveguide (Fig. As a result, a full air cladding would strongly limits the electro-optic coupling, leading to a low efficiency of electro-optic tuning as indicated by the individual black column in Fig. increased the EO modulation efficiency to a voltage-length product of 1.75 Vcm using a shallowly etched lithium niobate waveguide. The red column represents the parameter design used for the EOMs demonstrated in the main text. Nature 546, 622626 (2017). IEEE J. Sel. 7, 10031013 (2019). The broad modulation bandwidth of these devices would thus enable high-speed electro-optic switching. Di Zhu, and Mengjie Yu, from SEAS, Hannah R. Grant, Leif Johansson from Freedom Photonics and Lingyan He and Mian Zhang from HyperLight Corporation. B. Attojoule optoelectronics for low-energy information processing and communications. Rev. 3, 9194 (2009). To obtain Laser Photonics Rev. To show this feature, we selected another similar device on the same chip, which has a lower loaded optical Q of 14,000. This is a typical signature of resonance modulation in the sideband-unresolved regime, where the cavity resonance follows adiabatically the electric driving signal in a sinusoidal fashion, resulting in a broadened average transmission spectrum (Fig. On chip, the lasers sit in small wells or trenches etched into the lithium niobate and deliver up to 60 milliwatts of optical power in the waveguides fabricated in the same platform. The research was co-authored by Dylan Renaud, Rebecca Cheng, Linbo Shao. 9, 172194 (2015). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. . Lithium Niobate Nonlinear Thermal Waveguide - Ansys Optics Haffner, C. et al. Review and perspective on ultrafast wavelength-size electro-optic modulators. Rouvalis, E. Indium phosphide based IQ-modulators for coherent pluggable optical transceivers. Recently, thin-film monolithic LN11,12 emerges as a promising platform, where low-loss and high-quality photonic integration together with the strong Pockels effect enables superior modulation performance13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26, showing great potential as an excellent medium for photonic integrated circuits and future photonic interconnect. Micro-transfer printing of thin-film lithium niobate offers a solution, but suspending large areas of thin films for long interaction lengths and high-Q resonators is challenging, resulting in a low transfer . Integrated Electro-Optic Modulator in Z-Cut Lithium Niobate Thin Film wrote the manuscript with contribution from all authors. IEEE J. Sel. Ozaki, J., Ogiso, Y. The modulators are manufactured upon a commercial x-cut lithium niobate on isolator (LNOI) wafer (NANOLN) with a thin-film LN thickness of 500 nm, which is bonded to a buried silica (SiO 2) layer on a 500-m-thick silicon (Si) substrate. Extended Data Fig. and M.L. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Spatio-temporal isolator in lithium niobate on insulator M.L., J.L., and S.X. Optica 4, 12511258 (2017). The red solid and open circles denote the fundamental and second-order TE-like cavity modes shown in f and g. Our simulations show that there exhibits another mode with eigenfrequency within the band gap (gray open circles). Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Modulators. Electro-optic modulation in slotted resonant photonic crystal heterostructures. Gigahertz speed operation of epsilon-near-zero silicon photonic modulators. Electro-optic modulation using lithium niobate metasurfaces with A hybrid waveguide with a lithium niobate thin film bonded on a silicon wire is employed. Electro-optically (EO) tunable metasurfaces have received considerable attention owing to their capability for dynamic light field control. Nature 1d and8a). carried out the device characterization. Google Scholar. conceived the experiment. The LN photonic-crystal nanobeam has a width of w=1200nm, layer thickness of t=300nm, and a partially etched wing layer with a thickness of 150nm. & Wang, A. X. High-speed Femto-Joule per bit silicon-conductive oxide nanocavity modulator. & Fan, S. Synthetic space with arbitrary dimensions in a few rings undergoing dynamic modulation. & Thomson, D. J. 4, 518526 (2010). Wang, C. et al. Marpaung, D., Yao, J. Nat. A variety of approaches have been explored for this purpose, including plasmonic structures29,30, slotted dielectric waveguides10, photonic micro-/nanoresonators6,31, etc. 26, 13321335 (2014). The green region indicates the electrode that can be shrunk to in the future design. Phys. wrote the manuscript with contribution from all authors. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Microwave-to-optical conversion using lithium niobate thin-film acoustic resonators. C.W., M.Z. 8b, increasing the thickness, tw, of the wing layer will improve the electro-optic tuning since it enhances the amplitude of the driving electric field inside the LN photonic-crystal cavity. InGaAs/InGaAsP MQW electroabsorption modulator integrated with a DFB laser fabricated by band-gap energy control selective area MOCVD. Topics: Electro-optic modulation enables arbitrary modulation of cavity resonance within the bandwidth allowed by the driving circuit. Lett. & Smith, B. J. Bandwidth manipulation of quantum light by an electro-optic time lens. Laser Photonics Rev. Nat. 1f. B. Attojoule optoelectronics for low-energy information processing and communications. They are close to those of a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator with a straight modulation section. & Nakano, S. High-speed modulator for next-generation large-capacity coherent optical networks. Generation of ultrastable microwaves via optical frequency division. Optica 6, 845853 (2019). Rao, A. et al. On the other hand, lithium niobate electro-optic modulators, the workhorse of the optoelectronic industry for decades9, have been challenging to integrate on-chip because of difficulties in microstructuring lithium niobate. With these devices, we are able to realize efficient driving of the optical mode in both adiabatic sideband-unresolved and non-adiabatic sideband-resolved regimes, and to observe the transition in between. For simplicity of testing, the EOM is designed such that light is coupled into and out of the EOM via only one side of the cavity (Fig. Photon. b Same as a but with a modulation frequency of 2.0GHz. http://eospace.com/pdf/EOSPACEbriefProductInfo2017.pdf, 40GHz or 40Gb/s Lithium Niobate Modulators. Opt. B. Aoki, M. et al. Express 22, 2862328634 (2014). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Recently, there have been significant advance in high-Q LN photonic-crystal nanoresonators43,44,45,46, which led to the demonstration of intriguing phenomena and functionalities such as photorefraction quenching43, harmonic generation44, piezo-optomechanics45, and all-optical resonance tuning46. 8b, c. However, Fig. [29] Owing to the disparity between the dielectric constants of lithium niobate and silica, the electrical field primarily affected the LN core through the slab. ADS High performance optical modulator based on electro-optic polymer filled silicon slot photonic crystal waveguide. CAS The key modulation waveguide structure is a field-enhanced slot waveguide formed by embedding silicon nanowires in a thin-film lithium niobate (LN), which is different from the previously . Appl. Opt. Opt. Here the modulator is analyzed in a dual-drive design shown in Figure 1 (where V1 = -V2). Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages. Extended Data Fig. PubMed Poberaj, G., Hu, H., Sohler, W. & Gnter, P. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) for micro-photonic devices. As shown in Fig. & Lin, Q. High-Q 2D lithium niobate photonic crystal slab nanoresonators. d Cross-sectional schematic of the EOM structure, where the arrow profile shows the radio frequency (RF) electric field distribution and the color profile shows the optical cavity mode field distribution, both simulated by the FEM method. They also thank Wuxiucheng Wang, Lejie Lu, and Ming Gong for valuable discussions and help on testing. 03 April 2023, Nature Communications Opt. Express 23, 2274622752 (2015). Proc. 260-GBaud Single-Wavelength Coherent Transmission over 100-km SSMF Topics Marko Lonar. Microstructure and domain engineering of lithium niobate crystal films Internet Explorer). https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=3948. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Enhanced electro-optic lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film. The modulators enable efficient electro-optic driving of high-Q photonic cavity modes in both adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes, and allow us to achieve electro . 16, 18 (2018). Carlson, D. R. et al. Lithium niobate optical modulators: Devices and applications Appl. Opt. Herein, we review the progress in microstructure and domain. This can be changed simply by engineering the photonic-crystal mirror on the other side to function as the output port. 1 Half-wave voltages of devices with different active lengths. Photonics 13, 359364 (2019). Quantum Electron. The scale bar on the left represents the strength of normalized electrical field (Enorm) for d, f, g. The photonic-crystal cavity is oriented along the y-axis such that the dominant optical field is in parallel with the optical axis of underlying LN medium (Fig. a, Set-up for measuring the modulator electro-optic responses from 35GHz to 100GHz. Miller, D. A. Laser Photonics Rev. A fully photonics-based coherent radar system. To show the electro-optic tuning property, we applied a DC voltage to the chip and monitored the cavity transmission spectrum of the \({\mathrm{{TE}}}_{01}^{0}\) mode. Here, we make an important step towards miniaturizing functional components on this. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. J. Lightwave Technol. 42.25.p. Therefore, we expect our devices to have much higher energy efficiency, as will be shown in the following sections. Express 27, 1873118739 (2019). Using the Lithium Niobate Modulator: Electro-Optical and Mechanical Connections Introduction The purpose of this document is to describe how to use a Lucent Technologies Lithium Niobate (LiNbO 3 ) modulator. Article Nature 568, 373377 (2019). 6a, with a broadened spectral linewidth dependent on the driving power. Google Scholar. Bonded thin film lithium niobate modulator on a silicon photonics platform exceeding 100 GHz 3-dB electrical modulation bandwidth. ADS 8, 701705 (2014). 6, 488503 (2012). We thank J. Khan for discussions on the LN platform, H. Majedi for help with the equipment, and C. Reimer, S. Bogdanovi, L. Shao and B. Desiatov for feedback on the manuscript. & Capmany, J. 50-Gb/s silicon optical modulator. As shown in Fig. Miller, D. A. Low V silicon photonics modulators with highly linear epitaxially grown phase shifters. Lithium niobate modulator | Laser Focus World Azadeh, S. S. et al. Recently, thin-film lithium niobate (LN) emerges as a promising platform for photonic integrated circuits. High-Q photonic resonators and electro-optic coupling using silicon-on-lithium-niobate. 14 April 2023, Light: Science & Applications Quantum prospects for hybrid thin-film lithium niobate on silicon A second exposure is then performed to define the waveguide structure, which is partially etched by 150nm with the same process. Reed, G. T., Mashanovich, G., Gardes, F. Y. Lett. 35, 346396 (2017). Google Scholar. CAS How Lithium Niobate Modulator Helps in Meeting Telecommunication Needs https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17950-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17950-7. M.Z. Poberaj, G., Hu, H., Sohler, W. & Gnter, P. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) for micro-photonic devices. Chen, X. et al. Slider with three articles shown per slide. The modulators enable efficient electro-optic driving of high-Q photonic cavity modes in both adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes, and allow us to achieve electro-optic switching at 11 Gb s1 with a bit-switching energy as low as 22 fJ. The detector output was recorded either by a microwave network analyzer (Keysight N5235B) for characterizing the modulation bandwidth or by a sampling oscilloscope module (Keysight 54754A) to record the eye diagram of the switching signal. 29, 20882096 (1993). IEEE J. Sel. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA, Mingxiao Li,Jingwei Ling,Yang He&Qiang Lin, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA, You can also search for this author in Express 21, 3035030357 (2013). Waveguide-integrated, ultralow-energy GeSi electro-absorption modulators. Optica 5, 233236 (2018). b The structure of the unit cell (top: top view; bottom: cross-sectional view). Silicon optical modulators. Winzer, P. J. The velocity-matched modulator has a typical insertion loss of 4 dB, drive voltage of 5 V, and electrical return loss of . 1a). a Schematic of the LN photonic-crystal EOM. On the other hand, the electrodes are currently placed far from the photonic-crystal cavity so as to leave the optical mode intact to achieve a high optical Q. a Recorded scattering parameter S21 for two devices with optical Q of ~14,000 (blue curve) and ~20,000 (orange curve), respectively. The inset shows the S11 reflection scattering parameter for both devices. ADS This mode, however, has only negligible perturbation to the dielectric mode due to distinctive spatial symmetry, thus not affecting the quality of the defect cavity mode. Opt. 3). We are also able to achieve high-speed electro-optic switching of at 11Gbs1, with switching energy as low as 22fJ per bit. and Q.L. Loncar and his team used small but powerful distributed feedback lasers for their integrated chip. Next, the team aims to increase the lasers power and scalability for even more applications. Express 26, 15471555 (2018). High-Production-Rate Fabrication of Low-Loss Lithium Niobate Electro This is in strong contrast to piezoelectric acoustic modulation which is confined to the vicinity of mechanical resonance frequency45,49,50. A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems.

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