effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana

The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. Looking at the changes between 2005/6 and 2012/13, the biggest decline in the North was in the rural districts without cities, where it fell proportionally more among nonagricultural than agricultural households. FarmNonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa. The traditional African family which is known to be agrarian, polygamous and extended has undergone changes where nuclear and asymmetrical types have emerged; family support for the Some of the rehabilitation of the deteriorating housing was publicly subsidized, but the majority was financed by the private market. cities. Africas record of civil war, conflict, and political instability has also to a large extent contributed to migration and the disintegration of the African family. As cities and towns grow, municipal Urban livelihoods depend on the spate of urbanisation. Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. The marginal effect of urbanization on the use of other inputs is not always consistent with that for fertilizer use. Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so This chapter explores how this different pattern of urbanization has impacted on the agricultural and rural transformation in Ghana, and on rural livelihoods. Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. Ghana has a well-defined southnorth divide, which, amongst other things, reflects spatial differences in agroecological conditions, population density, rural infrastructure, and levels of urbanization. Still, there are too many missing variables in the regressions to test any causal relationships (e.g., we are unable to control for wages or missing household effects), but they do reveal some interesting patterns of association. Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. Kingsley Davis, who is said to have pioneered the study of historical urban demography wrote his The Urbanization of the Human population in 1965. Changing family systems in Ghana and its effects on Since 1984, annual GDP has grown rapidly, averaging 5.7 percent. Berdegue, J., F. Carriazo, B. Jara et al. Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and The concept of gentrification began in the 1960s with the movement of private-market investment capital into downtown business districts of major urban centers or inner-cities. Family Management Organisation (NADMO) for assistance. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. Not only did countries become greatly dependent upon one another, but it has also influenced peoples lifestyles and the global economy. Urbanization has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in the more urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. Such families tend to be individualistic and couples no longer benefit from the counsel of elders. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. increase would be in developing world, where city population grow by an average of five million Urbanization urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking The trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. It is therefore prudent that Ghana adheres to the national urban policy to deal with (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity: A Survey of Empirical Evidence. In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. They sought to address the physical. Still, only 45 percent of farmers were using either organic or inorganic fertilizer in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and the share of farmers using fertilizer was nearly twice as high in the less-urbanized North than in the more-urbanized South (Table 5.6), which can be explained by problems with declining soil fertility in the North (Chapters 4 and 6) rather than urbanization. Hopefully, the present research stimulates further investigation of the impact of early stages of urbanization and industrialization. WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. The extended family provided the individual with a personal and corporeal identity. Institutions such as Town and Country According to the documentary, these planners had passion and great insights for urban development, although driven by different inspirations and motivations. flooding in our towns and cities as a result of encroachment upon wetlands and non-enforcement In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape But one thing was central to these people: to build an environment that would change the way people live in America. Urbanization, as captured through our typology, has some significant but complex links with agricultural intensification. It has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. travels. Many peoples culture has changed and lifestyle altered from living in a small rural area to a populated city. The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. are not able to afford the cost of a plot of land due to urbanisation. Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. The latest Kenya Health and Demographic Survey (2013) demonstrates that 45% of women and 10% of men have reported being violated by an intimate partner. Copyright 1994 - 2023 GhanaWeb. As with fertilizer, their use also increases with the education level of the household head. The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization. | Irondale, AL 35210 |. among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. As a first step in our typology, we therefore differentiate between two major regions based on both the northsouth divide and agroecological conditions. policies has brought about changes in the spatial structure of towns and cities in Ghana. Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). cPF~HA]pxn:p.#G("hXgiUE6~Pgu K;\ee ];y=rKs'c1[`:GJ/W[.XGA6 zp]t As cities and towns in Ghana proximity, among others. Urbanisation has This chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. and information on urban centres. Additionally, some rural households classified as agriculture-only also report having nonfarm household enterprises, though these are likely to be seasonal or part-time activities. Our proposition is that the current focus on the nuclear family system in Ghanaian cities (Agyemang et al., 2018; Dzramedo et al., 2018) leads to and sustains a effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana WebUrbanization in Ghana: Challenges and Strengths Ghanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. I have chosen as a basis for the discussion in this paper two sociological theories relevant to the relations between religion and urbanization. that the output of the implementation of the policy could be measured. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. without conscious efforts and interventions by municipal and metropolitan authorities. The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. All rights reserved. Between the North and South informal manufacturing is also more prevalent in less urbanized areas in the North, as much of it involves small-scale food processing for the local market. T HE effect of urbanization |4jW>F%X** PRfU#mA\q^gM[/7M]B:v?G%BL/ Accra. Thus, rather than any pattern of induced fertilizer adoption from urbanization, these data suggest that the main drivers of increased fertilizer use may have been a) the need to maintain soil fertility and crop yields in the North as fallow periods were shortened, and b) possibly the introduction the governments fertilizer subsidy policy in 2007/8. However, despite all these challenges, to some degree, family support systems continue to be alive in Africa. For the majority of these migrants, migration is part of the struggle against both debilitating poverty and implicit and explicit forms of political oppression. It can therefore be concluded governments lack adequate financial resources to support infrastructure provision and services to The share of non-agriculture-only rural households increased in all district groups in Ghana between 2000 and 2010, though more rapidly in the South and especially in the big city and 2nd-tier city district groups. Others are headed by grandparents and children. International Journal of Sociology of the Family For years, internal migration from rural to urban areas has been the essential mechanism for job opportunities, social mobility and income transfers. Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. While predicted probabilities of fertilizer, herbicide/insecticide and mechanization use are higher in 2012/13, they are lower for hired labor use. Population and Housing Census 2010. Survey Data. Moreover, urbanization has involved growth in medium and small towns as well as large cities, perhaps bringing more local opportunities to rural-based households. The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. sustaining livelihoods, other users of transport services are incurring so much cost leading to Urbanization in Ghana Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. The affected urban dwellers resort to the call of National Disaster Urban areas are created and developed through the process of urbanization. fares are exorbitant. The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. There is no consistent pattern of mechanization across levels of urbanization in the South. It would seem that the growth in nonfarm employment opportunities for rural households has been a step out of poverty for many. Ghana map showing the different types of districts. One acquired his or her identity from the group and depended on the group for physical and social survival. Agricultural value added shows the same pattern: in developed countries it is around 2% of GDP, but in Africa is still very high at 30.5%. socio-economic importance associated with urbanisation, it has some negative effects on urban development in Ghanaian cities and towns are always proceeding before plan. citizenry. The sign of marginal effect tends to be negative, if significant, for the other types of district groups in both North and South. Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. Resilient and competitive urban areas depend on rapid, reliable and efficient transportation plans in a form of monitoring and evaluation to ensure that, work proceeds according to plan and Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. However, despite these changes, the majority of rural households still held cultivated land in 2012/13 in all types of districts except big city districts (Table 5.5b). Accra. The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. African society has been undergoing tremendous changes in every aspect of life including family structure and marriage. This problem is being handled by increasing border patrol and improve the Visa work program. Fertilizer use, particularly inorganic fertilizer, has increased significantly in Ghana from 3.7 kg NPK/ha arable land in 2002 to 35.8 kg/ha in 2013 (Chapter 4). wetlands in urban areas of Ghana are not been properly managed by urban managers as people The State of the Extended Family System in Ghana - ResearchGate In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. The Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Change in education of women has increased The average farm size for the small farms with less than 2 ha is about 0.91 and 0.95 ha in 2005/6 (GLSS5) and 2012/13 (GLSS6), respectively, at the national level, and 3.02 ha and 3.05 ha for the farm size group of 25 ha in these two rounds of the surveys, while farms of 520 ha in size have become marginally smaller on average. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and It is to be expected that the changes in household employment and livelihood patterns associated with urbanization will also have impacted on household welfare. Another general result is that households are poorer than nonagricultural households in both regions, a pattern that did not change between 2005/6 and 2012/13. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 5 (GLSS 5). This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). challenging amid the current trend toward decentralization. Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and 5 0 obj This is partially due to the post-Independence expansion of the cocoa sector (Jedwab and Moradi 2011), and the promotion of state-owned industries in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Ackah, Adjasi, and Turkson 2014). regional and global levels. While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. Effects of Population Increase on Housing as Land use in Ghana Herbicide and insecticide use in Ghana has also increased sharply in recent years, from less than 2 percent of all farm households in 1998 to about 55 percent in 2013 (Grabowski and Jayne 2016). But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). are encroaching upon them. Among the three variables related to market access or public infrastructure, the marginal effect of input use is positive only for the access to public transportation variable. Thus, there has been a sizeable movement of household from agriculture to the rural nonfarm economy in the South and in districts with secondary cities in the North. Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. Families offer many Annual growth rate in the population between census years, and urban population share in census years, 19602010. Nearly 32% of Sub-Saharan Africa lived in urban areas in 1996, up from 11% in 1950. In some countries like Kenya, Ghana, South Africa and Ethiopia, over one third of the heads of households are female. It became later known as the Chicago School of Sociology and combined sociological and anthropological theory with ethnographic fieldwork to understand how individuals interact within urban social systems with different structural, cultural and social conditions. Some Rural households in all the three district groups in the agriculturally important North have a higher predicted probability of using fertilizers than households in the South, which as we mentioned above, may be driven by increasing soil fertility problems in the North. In Ghana, urban livelihoods depend on the transportation system and The four paramount changes that occured during Americas urbanization period were new immigration, the build up of cities (skyscrapers and mass transit), living conditions, and boss rule and the rise of mass consumption. The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. y-h@grl'tn0N>/A5]uOfz1|#~H9k+0kCgV?%n)R4q_a7Bm.jVR$\^c7KJL*WI=eqv(Q9YF&*:}y S;"N /L Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation For example, the predicted probability of using fertilizer is 27.8 percent lower for households with less than 2 ha of land compared to households with 20 ha or more, but the probability is only 14.0 percent and 8.4 percent lower for those with land of 25 ha and 520 ha, respectively. Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the resulting growth of cities. represents such a situation in a particular type of district, where the weighted rural population is less than 100,000 and we therefore did not report the poverty rate. Extended Family Urban sprawl and green space depletion: Implications for flood Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and It needs to be stressed that the effects posed by rapid urbanisation would not simply go away As in the North, there were gains for rural households in non-city districts, suggesting that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. However, the picture is highly contrasted between less (76.1%) and more urbanized areas (21.3%). Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-abundant Tropical Agriculture. The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. The industrial revolution is the best example of this transformation to urban life, people wanted to upgrade their standard of living. in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport Due to urbanisation, many of the municipal services can now only be accessed at the The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. Table 5.4 confirms a widely held view that the rural poverty rate is much higher in the North than in the South; in fact the poverty rate was nearly twice as high in the North as in the South in in 2012/13 (54.4 percent compared to 28.9 percent). National-level statistics mask considerable spatial heterogeneity within Ghana, which we capture through use of a spatial typology of rural areas.

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